Run, do not walk, do not pass Go, do not collect $200. Just run over to Deaf in the City’s most recent entry about Deafhood. Unlike the balderdash that has come from certain blogs that-shall-not-be-named, Rainmound is actually taking the time to break it down and keep it real.
Which pretty much means: instead of platitudes, he dishes out stuff and analysis you can actually chew on. Agree or no, it’s worth a read.
I find the whole concept of Deafhood interesting. Not Deafhood itself, that is, but the community’s sudden and very recent interest in it. And during a seminar last night, I finally figured out why.
“Never enter a field without knowing its geneology,” said my professor.
We’re doing a research project on the trope of the Harlem Renaissance (nee The New Negro Renaissance), and read Rayford Logan’s monumental Betrayal of the Negro. In it, Logan publishes a list of physical characteristics that anthropologists used to try and rationalize the inferiorizing of certain ethnicities (i.e. skull size of Anglos was larger than that of African-American and Chinese peoples).
It was in the post-bellum period, said my prof, that anthropology really emerged as an academic discipline. “What is anthropology anyway?” My classmates were silent. My mind was racing - I could remember something from my women’s lit survey, but it wasn’t articulating itself.
Finally, he answered: “Anthropology is the study of the ‘other.’” Ah-ha. Now I remembered: women’s lit theorist, writer, filmmaker, and teacher Trinh T. Minh-ha, who wrote Woman, Native, Other, spent a bit of time on this. My professor continued: And then because we now had a valid academic field focused on polarizing differences between races, we (meaning Western and white academics) had a means by which to render every non-white person as “other” and therefore deem them more fit subjects to be ruled.
“Anthropology,” he claimed with a flourish, “is the handmaiden of imperialism.”
The significance of anthropology emerging during the post-Reconstruction period in American history (known, ironically, as the Redemption period) shouldn’t be overlooked. After all, the North won the Civil War military-wise, but if you look at the consequences and the inferiorization of the African-American and the American Indian, the South won the war culturally.
And that anthropology validated many of the Southern Democrat’s claims of white supremacy is no coincidence.
Back to Deafhood: I find it no coincidence that we started paying attention to Paddy Ladd’s work (which was published in 2003, but only really gained widespread recognition recently), Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood, at the same time the Gallaudet presidential protests erupted.
Certainly, there will be retorts that the protests had nothing to do with the BOT’s selection’s culturally deaf status, but the reasons given by oh-so-articulate protestors — not necessarily affiliated with the FSSA, mind you — in media reports and in vlogs makes it apparent that at least some people think the presidential selection has a heck of a lot to do with understanding (and possibly, representing?) Deaf culture. Discussions of Deafhood, as a result, have mushroomed.
To me, at least, the connection between Deafhood and the protests, wasn’t immediately apparent.
Whether these people (who point to Dr. Fernandes’ inability to represent culturally Deaf people as a flaw) truly understand and represent what’s caused the disenfranchised feeling on Gallaudet’s campus remains to be investigated by future academics or researchers (or bloggers).
Personally, I’m of the opinion that there are things in the Gallaudet community that need serious examining. But it makes me wary when we see people misunderstanding the protest’s true beef and taunting the BOT’s selection for her less-than-fluid signing skills, among other things.
But along with the Gallaudet protests came a discussion of Deafhood. In his blog, which excerpts Ladd’s explanation of Deafhood, Rainmound writes:
We should not be forced to struggle to explain and justify our existence all the time. But Deaf people know this struggle. Anyone who has been asked “What is it like to be a Deaf person,” anyone who’s had to explain about interpreters or work out ways to take control of a communication situation before it takes control of you, we all know this. We have all had to summon the courage to speak up, to stand up for ourselves and for others. A lot of this courage comes from each other.
Like Rainmound, I find this explanation of Deafhood resonates in me deeply.
It ricochets against all of my memories of being the token deaf member of the after-school cueing club, of my mom nudging me in the mall every time we saw someone else using their hands to communicate (”Look,” she’d exclaim in a whisper, “There’s deaf people!”), every time someone asked if I received a certain radio station on my hearing aids. And it especially echoes off of all the work I’ve done, especially through adolescence, to fight the implications my hearing family and both deaf and hearing peers gave me that, because I was different, I needed to assimilate and fix myself, and now that I’m a mother of a deaf daughter, that I need to fix her as well.
And though I know very little about the book, I’m very aware that all of a sudden, Deafhood is the thing to talk about in our community. Aside from the book, there’s a Deafhood chapter (in California somewhere?). There are Deafhood presentations being made. Deafhood blogs.
Well, that all seems well and good. I’ll reserve my opinion until I read the book.
But when I read Rainmound’s analysis, I think: Wow. Powerful. I could really have used this when I was growing up, even if I wasn’t a signer yet. I was still struggling to claim my place in my world even when people implicitly told me I didn’t belong.
Where were you Deafhood debaters when the book first came out? Why did I have to find out about you, Deafhood, just at the moment that newspapers were confusing a select few claims that Gallaudet’s president had to conform to a specific idea of being D/deaf with an entirely separate issue of social justice? Why did I have to form an impression of Deafhood as solely being the compatriot of rallies on the steps of Chapel Hall?
Nonetheless, just like anthropology has had a less than sparkly birth but still — in my opinion — has merit as an academic field, I’d say the idea of Deafhood, in spite of possibly becoming historically connected with controversy, is worth every ounce of self-understanding it gives us. Any help towards the ancient Greek mandate “Know thyself” is always appreciated, isn’t it?
Now, as Rainmound has implored many of us to do, I’m off to go buy the book and actually read it before I say any more about stuff I really don’t know about.
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thank you for the kind comments…
Joseph,
Pardon me for being out of the loop, but where can
I read your analysis that Allison was referring to?
Or is it just the quotation of yours Allison quoted?
the orange words in her webpage are links to the article she references. The quotation is part of the article. http://surdus.blogspot.com is the website - many articles available there.
Much appreciated.
After reading the article, I ended up skimming your whole blog and they’re quite addictive to read! I look forward to more of your future postings and await for your first vblog :)
All the interests in particular reading and visual materials always come later.
“Citizen Kane” and ‘It’s the Wonderful Life” films were the BOX OFFICE FLOPS in their first-run releases, then became the beloved classics decades later.
The Gallaudet protest of 2006 brought us more closer to the examination of our own deaf existence why we always have been hoodwinked, outmanuevered, exploited, unappreciated, outwitted and systematically oppressed by the establishment.
Paddy Ladd’s book - ‘Understanding Deaf Culture; In Search of Deafhood” just happened to catch several deaf individuals’ attention about the existence of book.
Karl Marx’s book came influential later in the formation of Soviet Union which he intentionally wrote against the evil of uncontrollable captialism. The fighters against the Russian Empire got such inspirations from Marx’s book in critical of captialists’ excessive power strongholds on common people, etc.
I had a real honor of meeting Paddy Ladd at Gallaudet before his book came out. I always kept my eyes out for any unordinary deaf stuff like Paddy Ladd’s manuscript.
I wish that I did complete my writings on “Deaf Militancy” and “Deaf Elitism” years ago. The Gally protestors are not “deat militants” in any manner.
Baltic Ave, Oriental Ave, Virginia Ave, Community Chest, Do Pass Go, Collect $200 of SSI money and go to jail if you can to avoid interaction with society at large. Playing devil’s advocate here but c’mon, don’t we have better things to do than to coin a new buzzword for “deaf pride” and gripe about how hard life is as a deaf citizen?
Yes, we do. That’s the point of Deafhood.
It’s not really about Deaf Pride… so much as trying to locate yourself in the world. If you can be honest with yourself about who you are etc., you can become much more successful.
Just two cents.
Allison, do you know what’s really ironic about this whole Deafhood business? None of it is really new. there have been periodic resurgences of Deafhood under different names (or no names) through the past 5 decades or so. does anyone remember “A Deaf Adult Speaks Out” by Leo Jacobs? Or any one of the many books that have been written about deaf people finding one’s place in the world, as you so eloquently put it. There was William Stokoe and his finding that — surprise! — ASL is a real language. There was the Celebration series in Berkeley in the early 80s. I remember people having many passionate discussions in the mid-70s about the fact that Minimal Language Skills (MLS) is not the same thing as ASL, and how to tell the difference. I appreciate the fact that there is a renaissance of Deafhood, but can’t say I’m all excited about it. I’ve had 30 years to develop my Deafhood.
*grin*
Yeah. You’re right. Same for black people - should have stopped after civil war! Never have fought the Civil Rights battles. They should have stuck with the back of the bus…
Allison, your balanced approach to Deafhood and the Gallaudet protest is a most welcome shift in the attitude of DeafDC bloggers! You are right in saying that the common denominator between the two is a fight for social justice.
As the desired self-actualization of all Deaf individuals in Deafhood cannot be achieved without removing roadblocks set by the society, the same way, a flawed presidential search process that promoted a failed and mediocre (as best) administrator to the presidential seat, cannot be fixed without demanding equal access to quality higher education for all Deaf students. In order to succeed, both of these require a new, perhaps common, movement raising high the flag of social justice for all Deaf people.
being 4th-generation deaf myself, I kind of find, at the first glance, deafhood to be an old story. Or an old idea in a new “dressing.” But somebody pointed out in one of the blogs (www.dhh-community.com) that one of the motivating or mitigating factors behind Paddy Ladd’s book is the history of colonialism in the British empire. Hence, I love when your anthropology professor said that Anthropology is the handmaiden of imperialism. (Colonialism=imperialism) That’s something I hadn’t thought of before (both dhh-community’s blog and yours). Again, Dr. Ben Bahan’s definition as posted on http://www.ridorlive is also enlightening. But again, everyone’s definition of deafhood varies and I’m comfortable with their own personal interpretations as long as I’m not losing sleep or money over it.
This needs to change from deafness to new label deafhood because an inferior people who need to be cured. Deafhood is remedy.
53
It is a direct excerpt from the book - p. 3
“Deafhood is not, however, a ’static’ medical condition like ‘deafness.’ Instead, it represents a process - the struggle by each Deaf child, Deaf family, and Deaf adult to explain to themselves and each other their own existence in the world … existence as a Deaf person is actually a process of becoming and maintaining ‘Deaf’…”
In discussions, it has been likened to self-actualization - the journey in which one becomes “whole” and says “Hey, to be deaf is good! I’m just great the way I am.”
http://www.ridorlive.com/?p=1821#comments
“DE Says:
July 27th, 2006 at 10:10 am
Hello…oftimes discussions surrounding Deaf people veer towards METHODOLOGY. Granted, it’s very easy to argue over methodology and back up suppositions with research (or pseduoscience). Can we put methodology on the back burner for now, and get back to the spirit of Carrie’s letter?
I’m pasting what Paddy emailed me when I asked him what he’d like to say to the NAD convention attendees. In the middle of my presentation, I got this off my sidekick and signed (um… in which method? ) to the audience. I think there are good issues found in his e-mail where we can discuss here.
****************************************
PADDY LADD’S EMAIL TO NAD CONV ATTENDEES
****************************************
I woudl like to say to say congratulations to all NAD memebrs who came
along with an open mind and heart.
Wish I was with you.I still remember clearly beign at the 1990 conf in
Indianapolis
Understandign the compelxity of Deafhood takes a while to do, but it is
all the mor rewwarding for the efffort that is put into it. The concept of colonialism is central to understanding Deafhood, to understanding what has been done to us. And both also helps us point us towards some models of what to do and what to avoid.
Thus, bringing the USA Deaf community forwards to become more activist-focused, while at the same time including as many people as possible, Deaf or hearing, WITHOUT compromising the agenda itself is a great goal. It needs both courage and compassion.
We are faced with new colonialist forces which aim to wipe Deaf people from the face of the Earth. Even though this cannot be achieved of course, the damage they will wreak in the process needs to be confronted by us. But let us also present the positive reasons why Sign Language Peoples are here on Earth - for what we can teach hearing people about the full beauty of life.
Finally if anyone wants to study more about Deafhood they shoudl work with the Bay area folks, and even come and study here at Bristol on our Deafhood Studies course
Paddy Ladd “
ridorlive
Here is my analysis of Deafhood, posted to a discussion list in June. I quote a lot from Paddy Ladd’s book (_Understanding Deaf Culture_), so this message is loooong. If you don’t have time to read it all, you might just look at the final paragraphs.
===============
In his book Paddy provides interesting discussions and does an admirable job of bringing in a variety of contemporary theory. However, I do struggle with it. It’s quite dense (and almost 500 pages!), and the
overall argument often gets lost in particulars. Here are a few quotes & comments that might help.
Early on, Paddy repeats the traditional use of Deaf versus deaf. He writes of deaf people: “The vast majority are people whose hearing has become impaired later in life….From the Deaf cultural perspective, these are ‘hearing people who have lost some of their hearing’….When referring to such people, the book will use the term ‘deaf,’ that is, with a small ‘d’”
(33).
He goes on: “Their reality is totally different from those who grow up with severe deafness as their everyday childhood reality….Their closest friends are other Deaf children, with whom they communicate in sign language….All these interactions over the past 200-plus years, all these worldviews, values, norms and beliefs, are situated in and mediated through, sign languages.
These communities have come to adopt Woodward’s (1972) formulation of ‘Deaf’ with a capital ‘D’ to refer to themselves (in English) as culturally
‘Deaf’” (33).
So he begins with the familiar division between culturally Deaf and non-culturally deaf. Furthermore, he stresses the importance of enforcing this boundary: “inability to construct and defend its borders and
boundaries means that the community cannot begin to establish policies and services centered within its own collective values” (41).
This sets up his introduction of the concept of Deafhood, which he explains is Deaf consciousness:
“In order to create a space within which Deaf people’s own self-conceptions can be situated and examined, another term is needed, and this I have designated as Deafhood. It is important to understand that this is not a monolithic concept. Indeed, the rest of the book explores different readings of Deafhood by varying sectors within Deaf communities. But, just
as Deaf history is framed and penetrated from without by discourses on deafness, so the internal frame of Deafhood, looking outwards, can render visible those unwritten Deaf discourses, and thus both encompass and for the first time, go beyond those framings. In doing so, one is essentially in search of a Deaf epistemology, that is, Deaf ways of being in the world, of conceiving that world and their own place within it (both in actuality and a potentiality)….it examines and presents the nature and significance
of Deaf people’s relationships to each other” (81).
I like how this explanation emphasizes that Deafhood is Deaf people’s way of thinking, and that it has room for disagreement and contention; it’s a process that is continually being worked out — it’s not static or dogmatic.
If we just read the explanation of Deafhood by itself, it would seem that Deafhood has space for all deaf people, whether they sign or not. But, coming as it does after Paddy’s introduction of ‘Deaf’ versus ‘deaf,’ he clearly uses Deafhood *only for signing Deaf people*. In this sense, Deafhood seems an extension of the traditional “Deaf,” something he
addresses near the end of the book:
“Contestations of what Deafhood might mean within and to different sectors of the community is a valid cultural process in itself — indeed it is these contestations which can help reveal deeper levels of Deaf cultural meaning than we at present understand….it is inevitable that some will
wish to understand where Deafhood stands in relation to Deaf culture….What Deafhood offers is the chance for a community to find out what it might become once the weight of oppression is lifted” (408-409).
Paddy seems to be aligning Deafhood with the psychology of other postcolonial and minority groups. That is, Deafhood is not just Deaf culture as it currently stands, but an epistemological place where
internalized hegemonic biases, Deaf-on-Deaf discrimination, and so on can gradually be eliminated in a move towards a better Deaf self, or something
like that. (To be fair, there are still large portions of the book I have yet to read — I’ve skimmed to try to understand the overall argument).
He gives the example of racism in the Deaf community, which has long been an unfortunate aspect of Deaf culture. Through Deafhood, he argues, one can get a sense of a “global Deaf self” and reject racial discrimination in favor of a deeper, more appealing sense of Deaf identity (409).
What’s really interesting to me is that I see more Deaf people using Deafhood to mean unity and tolerance, the opposite of “deafism.” Paddy does not deal with this explicitly in his book, but his open letter during the protest saying that Deafhood was not about “Deafer than thou” appears to have spurred this view. This is still being worked out, and that fits
in with Paddy’s idea that Deafhood is a process: its meaning is dynamic and dialogic. The discussions here, are a part of the community deliberating and refining its Deafhood in new ways as it evolves during a time when many deaf children grow up in mainstream environments, have cochlear implants, learn sign at various ages, and so on. The traditional cultural identity that Paddy spends a lot of time describing in the book — the one based on residential schools and
Deaf clubs — is largely a thing of the past.
So the challenge, it seems to me, is how to continue Deaf pride and cultural integrity while avoiding factionalism and infighting that can splinter the community. What do we want Deafhood to mean, and where do we draw boundaries?